commands - the basic commands in linux

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in this post I wanted to share my knowledge of command - the command in linux operating system that is less in interest by many people because it is less familiar but linux is really the same as DOS (disk operating system). but many people say, how do I install a program on linux OS? My answer was very relaxed really easy when we only installation program or application in linux we have to go first to the Comman Prompt or if the windows (DOS). we install the program with the command - the command or with the text. mouse or move the mouse we will no longer work but we are using the keyboard in penginstall is because we use words. so many people who say linux is hard to use once it is not. I want to give a glimpse of the command line is as follows:

Glance Command Line

Just as when we type the command in DOS command line or Linux command line is typed at the prompt and terminated by pressing the Enter key on your keyboard to execute the order.

Command line is a more efficient way to do any work. Therefore, Linux users still rely on this method to work. Beginners should also be aware of and at least once this use command line because one day the knowledge of these commands can be very necessary.

The following will explain some basic commands that may later be used primarily by beginners. Attention: knowledge of the commands that others will soon increase as you progress mastering this Linux operating system.

Explanation of each command will be shortened course and to find out more detail the functions of a command, you can see the manual, for example, by typing man command:

man is the command to display the manual of a command. The way to use it is to type man followed by the command we want to know the manual usage.

Example:

$ Man ls

The above command is used to show how to use the ls command in full.

Command-Linux Basic Commands

As a guide you, here's a list in alphabetical order. Actually, you can just press tab twice to see all possible commands that can be used. Suppose you want to know what the command begins with the letter a, then you just type a then press tab twice!

According Command Alphabetical List

\x26 Adduser alias bg cd cat chgrp chmod chown cp fg halt find grep gzip hostname login logout kill less ls man mkdir more mesg passwd mount mv pwd rm rmdir tail su shutdown umount talk tar unzip the wall who unalias xhost + xset zip

\x26

Command \x26 used to run commands on the back (background) Example:

wget http://id.wikibooks.org \x26

Command \x26 used behind the other commands to run in the background. What is the street in the background? background road means we allow the system to execute the command itself without our participation, and free the shell / command prompt can be used to run other commands.

See also:

Please see also the bg and fg commands.

adduser

Adduser command is used to add users.

Usually only done by root to add users or new-account. After this command can be continued with the passwd command, the command to create a password for the user. Example:

# Adduser udin

# Passwd udin

Note that all commands that require root access, I have written here by using the sign #, to help you distinguish that the command does not need root access.

If you run the adduser command, you will be asked to enter a password for the user you created. Fill in the password for the new user twice with the same words.

alias

Used to provide another name from a command. For example if you want the ls command can also type the command dir executed with, then make like follows:

$ Alias dir = ls

If you like the colorful display, try experimenting with the following command:

$ Alias dir = ls-ar-color: always

To see the commands have any other name then, just type the alias alone (without argument). See also command unalias.

bg

To force a process is suspended (suspend) to run in the background. Suppose you're running a command in the foreground (without ending the order \x26) and a shell when you need it so you can pause the command with Ctrl-Z and then typing bg command to run the background. In this way you have to free the shell but still maintaining the old command running in the background.

See also command fg.

cat

Displays the contents of a file on the screen. Example:

$ Cat / name / of / file

cd

Change Directory or to move the directory and I think you will have no difficulty using this command because of how similar its use cd command in DOS.

chgrp

This command is used to change the group ownership of files or directories. For example to give permission to the group or groups in order to access a file. Writing syntax is as follows:

# Chgrp

chmod

Used to add and subtract users permission to access files or directories. You can use the numeric system of coding or letter coding system. There are three types of permissions / permits that can be changed as follows:

1. r for read,

2. w for write, and

3. x for execute.

By using the letter coding, you can change the permissions on the above for each u (user), g (group), o (other) and a (all) by only giving the plus sign (+) to add the permission and the minus sign (-) to revoke licenses.

For example to give permission to read and execute files coba1 the owner and group, the command is:

$ Chmod ug + rx coba1

To revoke such permits:

$ Chmod ug-rx coba1

By using a numeric coding system, the permissions for user, group and the other is determined by using a combination of numbers, 4, 2 and 1, where 4 (read), 2 (write) and 1 (execute).

For example to give permission to read (4), write (2) and execution (1) file coba2 to the owner, his orders are:

$ Chmod 700 coba2

Another example, to give permission to read (4) and write (2) coba3 files to a user, please read (4) only to the group and the other, the command is:

$ Chmod 644 coba3

Caution: If you are hosting on Linux based servers, this command is very important for your data security. I recommend all the directories you need not write in chmod 100 (if the Apache way as the current user (you)) or in chmod 501, if the Apache way as www-data or nobody (other users).

chown

Changing the user ID (owner) of a file or directory

$ Chown

cp

To copy a file or copy. For example to copy file1 to file2:

$ Cp

fg

Restoring a process that is stopped while (suspend) to run again in the foreground. See also the bg command above.

find

To find where the location of a file. This command will find files in accordance with the criteria you specify. The syntax is the command itself followed by the beginning of the directory name search, then the file name (can use wild cards, meta characters) and the last to determine how the search results will be displayed. For example to search for all files ending in. Doc in the current directory and display the results on the screen:

$ Find. -name *. doc-print

Example results:

. / public / docs / account.doc

. / public / docs / balance.doc

. / public / docs / statistics / prospek.doc

. / public / docs / statistics / presconf.doc

grep

Global regular expresion is parse or grep commands to find files containing text with the criteria you specified.

Format command:

$ Grep

For example to search for files containing text in the current marginal directory:

$ Grep marginal

diferent.doc: Note: the words used in the marginal area in economics prob.rtf: the function of marginal and marginal cost function if the function prob.rtf: if the marginal cost and marginal result is known then the total cost

gzip

This is a free version of the GNU zip compression functionality is to compress a file. The syntax is very simple:

$ Gzip

However you can give certain parameters if you need a file compression better, please see its manual page. See also the tar file, unzip and zip.

halt

This command can only be run by super user/You must log in as root. This command to tell the kernel to turn off the system or shutdown.

hostname

To display the host or domain name system and can also be used for host name setting system.

Example usage:

[user @ localhost mydirectoryname] $ hostname

localhost.localdomain

kill

This command will send a signal to a process that we set. The aim is to stop the process. Writing format:

$ Kill

PID is a number that will process the stop. Do not know where the PID process would be killed? Try experimenting with the command:

ps aux | grep

less

Functions such as command more.

login

To log into the system by entering a login ID or can also be used to switch from one user to another user.

logout

To get out of the system.

ls

Displays the contents of a directory as the dir command in DOS. You can use several options available to set the display on the screen. When you run this command without any options will be displayed throughout nonhidden files (files without the leading dot) in the alphabet and a broad-screen fill in the fields. Option-He does display all the files / all including hidden files (files with the prefix a dot) with the long format.

man

To display the manual page or text that explains in detail how to use a command. This command is very useful if you occasionally forget or do not know the functions and how to use a command.

$ Man

mesg

This command is used by the user to give permission to another user terminal display screen messages. For example you are in a position mesg y so other users can display a message on your screen to write or talk.

$ Mesg y or mesg n

Use mesg n if you do not want to be bothered with the display messages from other users.

mkdir

Make a new directory, the same as in DOS md command. a

more

Mempaging page, as well as less

mount

This command will mount the filesystem to a directory or mount-point specified. Only the superuser can run this command. To see what filesystems mount-pointnya and then, type the mount command. This command can you learn in the chapter on the filesystem. See also the command umount.

$ Mount

/ dev/hda3 on / type ext2 (rw)

none on / proc type proc (rw)

/ dev/hda1 on / dos type vfat (rw)

/ dev/hda4 on / usr type ext2 (rw)

none on / dev / pts type devpts (rw, mode = 0622)

mv

To move files from one location to another. If the second argument will be a directory mv will move the files to that directory. If the second argument is the name of the file the first file will overwrite the second file. Be in error if you enter more than two arguments except the last argument in the form of a directory.

passwd

Used to change the password. You will always be asked to fill in your old password and then be asked to fill in new password twice. Password consisting of at least six characters and contain at least one character.

pwd

Print working directory, or to display the name of your current directory where it was located.

rm

To delete a file and by default, rm does not remove directories. Use with caution, especially with this command option-r which can recursively delete entire file.

Once again: Be careful with this command!

rmdir

To remove an empty directory.

shutdown

This command to turn off the system, such as the halt command. On some systems you can stop the computer with the command shutdown-h now and restart the system with the command shutdown-r now or in combination with the Ctr-Alt-Del.

su

To login as a different user. If the user ID is not included then the computer thinks you want to login as a super user or root. If you are not root and other users have the password then you must enter the correct password. But if you are root then you can login as another user without the user knowing the password.

tail

Displaying 10 lines of a file. Default line shown is 10 but you can decide yourself how many rows you want displayed:

$ Tail

talk

To hold a conversation through a terminal. Input from the terminal you will be copied in other user terminals, so the opposite.

tar

Store and extract files from media such as tape drives or hard disk. Archive file is often referred to as tar files. Sintaknya as follows:

$ Tar

Example:

$ Tar-czvf namaFile.tar.gz / name / directory / *

The above command is used to include all the contents of the directory, and then compressed with tar format and in zipped with gzip, which produces a file named namaFile.tar.gz

$ Tar-xzvf namaFile.tar.gz

The above command to extract the files namaFile.tar.gz

umount

Is the reverse of the mount command, which is to unmount the filesystem from the mount-pointnya. After this command to be executed directory mount-point no longer be used.

# Umount

unalias

In contrast to the alias command, this command will cancel an alias. So to cancel the alias dir as has been exemplified above, use the command:

$ Unalias dir

unzip

Used to extract or compress files that describe the zip. syntax simple and will extract the files you specify:

$ Unzip

See also the commands gzip and unzip it.

wall

Sending messages and displays them in each user terminal being logged. This command is useful for the superuser or root to give a warning to all users, such as notification that the server will shut down for a moment longer.

# Wall Dear, everyone ... .. immediately save your work, I'll turn off the server 10 minutes.

who

To show who was logged. This command will display information about the login name, terminal type, login time and remote hostname for each user who was logged. For example:

$ Who

root ttyp0 May 22 11:44

flory ttyp2 May 22 11:59

pooh ttyp3 May 22 12:08

xhost +

This command is used to grant access or remove access (xhost -) host or user to a server X.

xset

This command to set some option in the X Window as a bell, mouse speed, fonts, screen saver parameters and so forth. For example the sound of the bell and the speed of your mouse can be set using this command:

$ Xset b

$ Xset m

zip

This command will create and add files to the zip archive file. See also command gzip and unzip it.